Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya

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Keyboard sebagai penghubung antara manusia dengan komputer merupakan salah satu sumber penyebab penyakit akibat kerja. Layar monitor, meja dan kursi komputer maupun printer pada umumnya menyebabkan nyeri otot. Nyeri otot tersebut merupakan gabungan nyeri yang disebabkan oleh keyboard, layar monitor, meja dan kursi komputer, serta printer. Untuk mengetahui alasan mengapa keyboard dapat menyebabkan keluhan nyeri otot, ada baiknya kita lihat terlebih dahulu beberapa bentuk keyboard yang pernah diciptakan sejauh ini.





1. Keyboard QWERTY

Sesuai dengan namanya QWERTY yang merupakan deretan huruf pada barisan paling atas pada keyboard. Keyboard ini diproduksi oleh Perusahaan Remington pada tahun 1873. Keyboard QWERTY merupakan pengembangan dari mesin ketik. Sampai saat ini, keyboard jenis Qwerty tetap digunakan. Kalau diperhatikan tuts huruf-hurufnya, Keyboard Qwerty dapat dikatakan tidak memperhatikan masalah ergonomic dan memungkinkan kelelahan terhadap tubuh manusia.

Keyboard QWERTY belum memberikan beban yang sama untuk jari- jari tangan kiri dan tangan kanan. Untuk orang yang biasa bekerja dengan tangan kanan (right handed) tangan kirinya berfungsi 60 % dibandingkan dengan tangan kanan dari waktu yang disediakan.Teknik pengetikan sistim 10 jari tetap memberikan beban lebih banyak pada tangan kanan. Tombol-tombol tuts pada baris tengah paling mudah dicapai oleh jari tangan kanan maupun kiri ternyata hanya ditekan 30 % dari waktu pengetikan, dengan demikian, jari-jari lebih sering melompat ke baris atas maupun ke baris bawah. Hal ini akan menimbulkan beban tersendiri pada pergelangan tangan.

Untuk pengetikan dalam bahasa Inggris yang banyak menggunakan huruf: a, e, h, i, l, n, o, r, s, t (10 huruf utama), ternyata, hanya empat buah huruf yang berada di baris tengah dan akan menambah beban kerja pada jari karena jari lebih sering melompat ke baris atas dan bawah. Selain itu, perintah-perintah tambahan pada keyboard sebagian besar terletak pada bagian kanan keyboard yang berarti akan menambah beban kerja pada tangan kanan. Dengan demikian, beban kerja pada jari tangan kanan dan tangan kiri belum bisa seimbang,. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan kelelahan atau nyeri otot.

Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya

Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya

2. Keyboard DVORAK

Keyboard ini dibuat pada tahun 1936. Keyboard Dvorak diciptakan berdasarkan prinsip kerja biomekanis dan efisiensi. Susunan letak tombol huruf dengan jenis QWERTY dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga 56 % ketukan ada pada tangan kanan dan jari-jari yang lebih banyak bekerja adalah jari telunjuk, jari tengah, dan jari manis. Huruf-huruf yang ada pada baris tengah lebih sering diketuk kira-kira sampai 70 % dan perpindahan antar baris hanya sekitar 10 % sehingga kelelahan jari-jari sangat banyak berkurang. Walaupun keyboard jenis DVORAK sudah lebih baik dari pada jenis QWERTY, akan tetapi karena dalam hal pemasarannya dengan jenis QWERTY lebih dulu dan kalaupun harus diganti dengan jenis DVORAK, kan perlu pelatihan baru dan juga berarti perlu biaya tambahan yang harus disangga oleh Perusahaan pembuat keyboard DVORAK. Kemungkinan untuk menggantikan keyboard yang sudah ada belum dapat dipastikan. Dengan demikian jenis lama (QWERTY) masih tetap digunakan.

Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya

3. Keyboard KLOCKENBERG

Keyboard ini dibuat dengan maksud menyempurnakan jenis keyboard yang sudah ada, yaitu dengan memisahkan kedua bagian keyboard (bagian kiri dan kanan). Bagian kiri dan kanan keyboard dipisahkan dengan sudut 15 derajat dan dibuat miring ke bawah. Selain itu, keyboard KLOCKENBERG mempunyai tombol-tombol yang dibuat lebih dekat (tipis) dengan meja kerja sehingga terasa lebih nyaman.
Keyboard KLOCKENBERG tampak lucu karena dipisahkan bagian kiri dan kanannya yang relatif lebih banyak memakan ruang. Walaupun demikian, keyboard KLOCKENBERG sudah lebih baik dalam hal pengurangan beban pada jari dan lengan. Hal ini dapat mengurangi nyeri otot pada bahu dan pergelangan tangan. .Dari ketiga macam keyboard tersebut, ternyata keyboard QWERTY yang tetap diusulkan sebagai keyboard resmi. Hal ini diperkuat dengan keputusan Amerika Serikat untuk tetap menggunakan keyboard QWERTY dalam Standard Institute pada tahun 1968 dan melalui ISO pada tahun 1971. Keputusan ini lebih banyak dipengaruhi masalah ekonomi, yaitu dalam hal mengurangi biaya pelatihan baru bila harus memakai keyboard jenis KLOCKENBERG maupun jenis DVORAK. Dengan demikian, masalah nyeri otot masih tetap akan muncul pada pemakaian keyboard QWERTY.

Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya


Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya
Jenis keyboard dari Segi Desain Ergonomisnya


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